Nitrite and nitrate are used in some products, such as sausages. Excessive consumption of these chemicals is hazardous for humans, so the use of these compounds must be within the standards ranges. The aim of this research was measurement of nitrite residue in meat products which were marketed in Tabas city. Totally100samples from four different meat products were collected randomly and studied in the food laboratory of South Khorasan provincial of standard and industrial research service by spectrophotometric method. Data were analyzed with SPSS19 software. The statistical analysis of data showed that the nitrite content in Mortadella, dry sausages, Bockwursts and cocktail sausages was higher than Iranian standard limit in 24%, 16%, 12% and 4% of samples, respectively and in this regard, 14% of all samples were distinguished unusable. The average amount of nitrite in all samples was 72. 33±,2. 8ppm, moreover the highest and the lowest level of nitrite observed in Mortadella (92±, 4. 7 ppm) and Cocktail sausages (52. 1±, 3. 04 ppm), respectively, also the average amount of nitrite in all samples and different brands, was lower than the Iranian standard limit, significantly (P<0. 05). The results of this survey indicate that nitrite residue in 20% of Mortadella & dry sausage samples and 8% of Bockwursts & cocktail sausage samples were higher than the standard limit, so it is believed that stricter preventive measuring is necessary and partial replacement of nitrate with natural preservatives is also recommended.

Considering the important position of the country's production cooperatives (i.e. the most advanced stage of cooperation) in development and stability of rural areas, the current study aims to identify and evaluate the factors affecting farmer's tendency towards joining production cooperatives in Tabas City, Yazd Province in 2007- 2008. Statistical population of the study consists of 1418 individuals, 32 women and 1386 men and the sample size of 120 persons was determined using Cochrane Formula. The prepared questionnaires were distributed using simple random method. The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 utilizing Spearman Correlation and Mann Whitney Tests in two sections, Descriptive (determining frequency and frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation and etc) and Analytic or Inferential.The most important descriptive results are: 1- Cooperative companies have suitable basis for attracting individuals' participation, 2- Agricultural inputs provided by the cooperatives to the members contribute to farmers' tendency towards joining, 3- The most effective information source of the members in their profession are rural production cooperative companies.The most important analytical and inferential results are: 1- Proximity of residence and the production cooperative company has significant meaning for the tendency of individuals to become a member, 2- There is a significant relationship between the managing director and the tendency of individuals to become a member, 3- Using Mann Whitney, there are significant differences between satisfaction, need, motivation, knowing the company, capital growth (each one individually) and the individuals' tendency to become a member.

Desertification due to urban or technological development is due to human intervention and land use change, which is a serious problem. In addition to accelerating land degradation, population growth is leading to misuse of land. In the present study, using Landsat4-5 satellite imagery of 1986 TM sensor and Landsat 8 satellite imagery of OLI TIRS sensor of 2017, the trend of land use changes in Tabas city was investigated. The study area was divided into 6 units and using the Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA), standard technogenic criteria and indicators were studied, and finally the numerical value of standard indicators of urban and industrial development (ratio of man-made to agricultural and garden lands, ratio of man-made lands to garden) And forest or green space, per capita green space index, percentage of road construction areas and road density, ratio of potential population to actual population) were calculated for the whole region in both time periods. Studies have shown that during the studied years, the level of man-made complicaions has increased by 5.68 percent, while arable lands have also increased by about 5.9 percent. The results showed that in the study area, the ratio of man-made land ratio, to garden and forest or green space and green space index with numerical values of 0.92 and 9.14, respectively, had the greatest impact in 1986 and man-made land ratio. To agricultural and horticultural construction and road density index with a numerical value of 0.79 and 1.95, respectively, in 2017 have the least impact on the technogenic desertification of the region. Based on the five indicators studied, the quantitative value of desertification intensity for the whole region in 1986 was 1.89, which is in the middle class of desertification, and in 2017, 7.13, which is in the very severe class of desertification.

Introduction Wind Erosion is the natural process of transportation and deposition of soil by wind. It is a common phenomenon occurred mostly in dry, sandy soils or anywhere the soil is loose, dry, and finely granulated. Heavy metals are found in the environment and soils may become contaminated by accumulation of heavy metals through emissions from the rapidly expanding industrial areas, mine tailings, disposal of high metal wastes, leaded gasoline and paints, land application of fertilizers, animal manures, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal combustion residues, spillage of petrochemicals, and atmospheric deposition. Soils are the major sink for heavy metals released into the environment by the aforementioned anthropogenic activities and their total concentration in soils persists for a long time after their introduction. The heavy metal contamination of soil and its potential risks to humans and the ecosystem is a significant concern. Windy deposition, which is the process of heavy metals being transported by erosive winds and deposited onto soil, is one of the sources of heavy metal contamination. Due to the geographical situation and climatic conditions such as arid soil, erosive winds are blown in periods of year in Tabas. Since wind are erosion is severe in this area, huge amounts of wind deposition accompanied with erosive winds entered into this town. Heavy metals through the windy deposition are suspended, translated and finally deposited in residential regions, which can create some problems for human health. Therefore, the knowledge of wind erosion and the human risk of these deposits is essential. The aim of this research was to determine the rate of wind erosion and the concentration of some heavy metals in these deposits. Materials and Methods  For this purpose, the rate of suspended load was measured monthly from February 2021 to January 2022. Based on previous information from the erosive winds and storms, suspended depositions were gathered in some directions (north, northwest, northeast, west and southwest) of the Tabas entrance. In addition, the suspended load in the city center of Tabas was also measured. The cumulative load of suspended depositions was measured monthly and the concentration of some heavy metals such as manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cupper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were measured in these suspended particles.  Soil digestion was made by Aqua regia (nitric acid and chloridric acid; ratio of 3:1), and after then atomic absorption was used to measure the total concentration of above heavy metals. Results and Discussion The results indicate that Tabas experiences significant wind deposition of suspended loads, with the highest rates entering from the northeast direction and the lowest rates from the southwest direction. This pattern aligns with the wind rose of Tabas, which illustrates the prevailing wind directions in the region. Additionally, substantial suspended loads are observed in the northwest and north directions. The variations in suspended load discharge reveal that the maximum discharge occurs in the city center of Tabas during the months of June and July 2021. This corresponds to the arid climate conditions of these months, where plant growth is limited, soil cohesion is low, and loose soil particles on the surface are susceptible to wind forces. As a result, these loose particles are easily detached by the wind, contributing to the high levels of suspended load. Regarding the spatial variation of heavy metals in suspended particles, the cumulative concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn are found to be higher in the west, northwest, north, and west directions, respectively. This suggests that these heavy metals are transported and deposited in specific areas within Tabas due to the prevailing wind patterns. In terms of temporal variation, the highest concentrations of Mn and Fe in suspended particles are observed in April 2021, predominantly in the northeast and west directions, respectively. On the other hand, the highest concentrations of Cu and Zn are found in May 2021, with the southwest and northeast directions being the primary deposition areas for each metal, respectively. These findings highlight the spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended load and heavy metal deposition in Tabas, emphasizing the influence of wind patterns and climatic conditions on these processes. Understanding these variations is crucial for assessing the potential risks associated with heavy metal contamination and implementing appropriate mitigation measures in the region.  Conclusion The results of this research showed that most contents of the suspended load are entered from the northeast direction into Tabas. In addition, the spatial variation of heavy metals indicated that the concentrations of studied heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in suspended particles, especially in the western, northwestern, and northern in spring, are very high and they can cause carcinogenic effects on human life. Therefore, the management practices should be mostly made in these directions to control or reduce soil erosion and reduce its damage effects.

In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Introduction: One of the problems and challenges of families in the COVID-19 pandemic was the education of children. This study aims to discover and analyze the tensions and concerns of families in this regard. Method: This qualitative study was conducted in 2021 in Tabas. Semi-structured interviews with 17 parents were used to collect data and the data were analyzed by thematic analysis. Results: Data analysis showed that parents have experienced multiple concerns and tensions regarding their children's education in the pandemic. The issue of education quality on one hand and sociocultural challenges related to virtual space on the other hand was the most important concern of parents. The four themes of the study included socialization challenges, education problem, media panic, and economic and environmental problems. Discussion: It is suggested that policy makers pay more attention to the problems of families in the field of virtual learning. Attention should be given to vulnerable groups and families, so that the issue of educational deprivation does not threaten the children of these families. On the other hand, sociocultural issues related to media and poor media literacy of parents are a major challenge in this field. It is necessary for sociocultural custodians as well as researchers and social theorists to provide theoretical discussions and solutions using psychology and social work in this field.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Tabas city in South Khorasan province is one of the regions that has high capabilities in terms of ancient mining and metallurgy studies and is unknown in comparison with other regions of Iran. Meanwhile, Deyhuk Tabas district due to the mass of smelting sites and slag accumulated in one direction and the entity of mineral cavities in order to extract the metal mineral is evidence of extensive mining and metal extraction activities in this region, which plays an important role in the region's economy and ecological sustainability along with other economic activities. Despite the volume and quality of studies that have done so far on the study of ancient mining and metallurgy in this city have not been worthy of the culturalhistorical talents of this cultural area and have not been introduced as it should be. During archaeological studies, by writers and experts’,South Khorasan Cultural Heritage Office in Deyhuk district of Tabas city have discovered a copper mine and seven metal smelting sites, which shows the role and importance of ancient mining and metallurgy in the social and economic life of Deyhuk cultural area. This research tries based on the results of archaeological field methodological study, texts and written sources in Deyhuk district to identify the evidence related to metallurgy industry, smelting technology and type of extracted ore deposit to better understand the process and cycle of metallurgy including three stages of mining, extraction and provide melting of metals. With the studies done, typology and comparative comparison of the discovered slag with the known metal centers, it seems that the composition of the slag includes the main elements of iron, lead and copper, Archaeological field studies performed in mines and metal smelting sites identified show that metallurgists in this area used open and underground methods to extract minerals and after transferring mineral parts to workshops and smelting furnaces, they used roasting method for melting metals. Cultural materials (pottery) obtained from around the only furnace identified show that the relative dating of this mine is based on pottery finds from the Islamic Middle Ages.

During the last decades, Iranian cities like many other cities in the third world have been undergone remarkable changes. One of these changes is rapid population growth and urban spiral expansion inmost of Iran's cities due to the lack of program for proper use and with a scientific basis of urban lands.Tabas city like many other cities of Iran has not been immuned from  these changes and its population has tripled during the last 30 years, which this increasing population growth, has caused uncontrolled expansion of the city, so that , this city with physical expansion of more than 6 times during this period has caused some problems with undesirable  results including increasing the price of land and house, shortage of infrastructural facilities, destruction of agricultural lands located around the city. Now, in order to balance these civil inadequacies, this paper analyzes the physical extension of Tabas city after the earth quake and the effective factors on it and has investigated the probable guidelines and methods for removing and balancing this process. The method applied in this research, was descriptive - analytics method which for data analyzing, Holdern models, location coefficient and increasing employment and population model have been used. The results show that %55 of physical growth of the city in the years between 1976 up to 2006 has been occurred due to the population growth and %45 related to horizontal and spiral growth of the city, while based on the calculations made by the writers, the present limit of the city with inner city expansion will be responsive to the needs of city population up to the next 19 years. In analyzing the effective factors on physical expansion of the city, the obtained results of the research confirms that natural elements such as smooth topography, proper slop of lands in north part of city, social factors of population growth and especially rural- urban migrations and economical factors especially the existence of large coal mines, merging large village of Dihshak to Tabas city are considered as one of the main factors. Among the findings which help to stop the uncontrolled physical expansion of the city, we can refer to inner texture of city expansion, development the culture of vertical expansion of the city and finally providing the welfare facilities in the cities.